科技高速发展,未来职业需求是何走向?

网友投稿 2019-10-14 13:49

将来什么工作的需求量大?看看我们对未来几年毕业生工作的三组预测。

毕业生求职面试中常见的问题“你认为自己五年后会怎样”,现在的回答比以往任何时候都更加灵活。你会开着自动驾驶汽车去做一份相对乏味的办公室工作吗?通过一个新开放的太空港到澳大利亚进行30分钟的商务旅行?完全在一个装满了来自物联网的智能技术的豆荚里远程工作?或者你可能会在一个被遗弃的城市的废墟中搜寻,拼命地想要避开你的超级变种人领主的注意?

现实是,没有人能真正预测未来的工作或就业市场会是什么样子,特别是由于技术发展的速度不断加快。例如,在1995年,以太网的共同发明人罗伯特•梅特卡夫(Robert Metcalfe)曾做出过一个著名的预测:互联网将在1996年灾难性地崩溃。同样,2007年,时任微软首席执行官的史蒂夫•鲍尔默(Steve Ballmer)曾表示,iPhone永远也不会在电信市场上占据很大份额。

虽然没有办法100%确定,但通常有三个良好的迹象可以预期:

•产生市场兴趣的公司

•政府数据

•高调的媒体工作

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What jobs will be in high demand in the future? See our three sets of predictions on the graduate jobs of the coming years.

The perennial graduate job interview question ‘where do you see yourself in five years’ now lends itself to a more flexible answer than ever before. Will you be travelling to a relatively humdrum office job in a self-driving car? Making a 30-minute business trip to Australia via a newly opened space port? Working entirely remotely in a pod stuffed with smart technology from the Internet of Things? Or will you perhaps be rifling through the wreckage of one of the beforetimes’ abandoned cities, desperately striving to avoid the attention of your super-mutant overlords?

The reality is that no one can truly predict what jobs, or the jobs market, will look like in the future, particularly thanks to the ever-increasing speed of technological evolution. In 1995, for example, Robert Metcalfe, the co-inventor of ethernet, famously predicted that the internet would catastrophically collapse in 1996. Similarly, in 2007, Steve Ballmer, the Microsoft CEO at the time, said that the iPhone would never obtain a significant share of the telecommunications market.

There is no way to be 100% certain, but there are usually three good indications of what can be expected:

·        Companies generating market interest

·        Government figures

·        High-profile jobs in the media

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下面,我们来看看这些类别中的一些例子:

根据市场需求的工作-科技为主

首次公开募股(IPO)是一个很好的指标,可以用来判断一家已经很大或很受欢迎的公司什么时候会变成亚马逊(Amazon)或facebook那样的巨型公司。优步(Uber)和来福车(Lyft)等公司依靠一款应用来调动公众的力量,提供一项改变游戏规则的服务,而其他公司可能更能反映出更广泛的社会变化。我们从2019年选出了三个我们认为可以概括未来就业市场走向的职业:

食品技术专家


另一边,人们谈论最多的ipo之一是加州初创企业Beyond Meat,该公司以“植物性肉类”的形式提供素食产品,与包括麦当劳(McDonald’s)在内的许多美国家喻户晓的公司签订了合同。随着对可持续性和气候变化影响的担忧在全球范围内越来越强烈,在影响就业市场方面,食品似乎在维持生命的必要性和消费者吸引力之间取得了恰当的平衡。

可能寻求的岗位包括:

·食品技术人员,负责开发和维护创造新型食品的过程

·食品科学家,他们检查食品的微生物、物理和化学特性,以确保它们是安全的(和美味的)

·风味化学家,他们在食物中创造或改进新的味道,或者增强原有的味道,或者完全改变它。

想要进入这些领域的毕业生需要一个相关的学位,如食品科学、营养学、生物学或化学。

网络安全专家/ devops工程师

不出所料,2019年最大IPO名单上至少有一家科技公司。基于云计算的网络安全平台Crowdstrike尽管出现净亏损,但其股价仍在上涨。在一个遵守gpr的时代,不断增加的国家监控,以及外国敌对势力即将出现的网络战前景,保护你的企业将是一个日益令人担忧的问题。

可能寻求的岗位包括:

·开发人员为各种应用程序解决问题和编写代码

·系统开发人员为企业或云创建一个系统来处理软件

·Devops工程师确保所有的信息都能传递给公众

具有计算机科学或软件开发背景或在编码方面有丰富经验的毕业生将受到高度欢迎。


健康与健身教练

纽约科技/健身初创企业Peloton是最后一家在2019年上市的公司,该公司的表现确实不佳。一部分是科技公司,一部分是制造商和零售商,Peloton是可穿戴健身设备、健身技术的发展趋势,以及从繁华街道向家庭提供产品和服务的趋势的一个缩影。

虽然平时的工程和职位可能需要前沿,能够混合干经验与资历在健身,体育教练和体育科学将开放机会在面向客户的角色或内部工作,确保公司的团队是健身意识,注意健康。

穿搭/运动技术公司的职业包括:

·运动科学家

·技术的运动科学家

·健康与健身教练

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Below, we take a look at some examples from each of these categories:

Future jobs according to the market – science and tech focused

An initial public offering (IPO) is a good metric to tell when an already big or popular company is about to explode into an Amazon or Facebook-esque mega corporation. Some, such as Uber and Lyft, rely on moving the power of the public through an app to provide a game-changing service, while others might be more indicative of broader societal changes. We’ve chosen three from 2019 that we think sum up where the future jobs market is heading:

Food technologist

One of the most talked about IPOs on the other side of the pond was California start-up Beyond Meat, a company offering vegan products in the form of ‘plant-based meat’, securing contracts with many household names in the US, including McDonald’s. As concerns about sustainability and the effects of climate change become louder worldwide, it seems that food has the right balance of life-sustaining necessity and consumer appeal as to affect the job market.

Among the roles likely to be sought are:

·        Food technologists, who are responsible for developing and maintaining the processes that create new types of food

·        Food scientists, who examine the microbiological, physical and chemical properties of food to make sure they are safe (and tasty)

·        Flavour chemists, who concoct or improve new flavours in food, either to enhance the original taste or alter it completely.

Graduates seeking to enter these fields will need a related degree, such as food science, nutrition, biology or chemistry.

Cybersecurity expert/devops engineer

Unsurprisingly there is at least one tech IPO on the list of 2019’s biggest. Crowdstrike, a cloud-based cybersecurity platform, has seen its shares grow despite net losses. In an era of GDPR compliance, ever-increasing state surveillance and the looming prospect of cyberwarfare with hostile foreign powers on the horizon, protecting your business is going to be an increasing concern.

Among the roles likely to be sought are:

·        Developers to problem solve and write code for various applications

·        Systems developers to create a system for businesses or for the cloud to handle the software

·        Devops engineers to ensure that it is all delivered to the public

Graduates with a computer science or software development background or extensive experience in coding will be highly sought after.

Wellbeing and fitness instructor

The last, admittedly underperforming, IPO of note in 2019 was New York tech/fitness start-up Peloton. Part tech company, part manufacturer and retailer, Peloton is symptomatic of the general move towards fitness wearables, fitness technology and the steady move away from high streets and into the home for products and services.

While the usual host of engineering and IT positions will likely take the forefront, being able to blend STEM experience with qualifications in fitness, sports coaching and sports science will open up opportunities to work either in a customer-facing role or internally to make sure a company’s teams are fitness aware and mindful of wellbeing.

Among the roles within the wearable/sports tech companies are:

·        Sports scientist

·        Technical sports scientist

·        Health and fitness coach

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编制内的未来工作-基本岗位

2014年12月底,英国就业与技能委员会(the UK Commission for Employment and Skills)编制了一份题为《未来职业》(Careers of the Future)的报告,强调了作者认为能够提供机会、回报和长期潜力的工作。他们利用了大量的政府数据和专家意见来得出结论。以下有三个例子:

保健工作人员

英国75岁以上的人口将从2018年的540万增加到2037年的950万。老龄化人口预计将促进对护理工作和相关行业本已很高的需求。

希望进入这个行业的毕业生可能需要符合卫生和护理行业协会标准的资格,或者需要获得研究生资格。对于离校生来说,还有其他的选择。

护士的需求量总是很大,而且这一需求量预计还会大幅增长,但任何医学职业都需要更长期、更明确的研究方法。

工程师和程序员

每年大约短缺2万名工程师。除了机械和电气工程等“传统”工程学科,对数据科学、机器学习、自动化和机器人技术等专业的需求也在不断增长。类似地,对开发人员、程序员、网络安全工程师和devops工程师的需求也在不断增长,他们需要在IT领域使用新兴技术。

老师


有人将不得不教所有这些工程师和护理人员他们需要知道的东西。这是继护理工作者和护士之后的第三大增长,教师已经受到高度追捧。政府报告承认,目前的资格认证过程相当长,许多人需要研究生资格,虽然合同时间很短,但无薪“职责”增加了工作时间。

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Future jobs according to the government – the fundamentals

At the end of December 2014, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills put together a report, entitled Careers of the Future, highlighting jobs that the authors felt provided an exciting mix of opportunity, reward and long-term potential. They drew on a wealth of government data and expert advice for the results. There are three examples below:

Care worker

The UK population of over-75s is set to increase from 5.4 million (according to the ONS in 2018) to 9.5 million in 2037. The ageing population is expected to boost the already high demand for care jobs and associated industries.

Graduates wishing to go into this industry will likely need a qualification that meets the Health and Care Professions Council standards or will need to undertake a postgraduate qualification to match. There are other routes in for school leavers.

Nurses are always in high demand, and that demand is also expected to grow massively, but any career in medicine requires a longer, more defined approach to study.

Engineers and programmers

There is a shortfall in engineers each year of approximately 20,000. As well as the ‘traditional’ engineering disciplines, such as mechanical and electrical engineering, there is increasing demand for specialisms in data science, machine learning, automation and robotics. Similarly, there is a rising demand for developers, programmers, cybersecurity engineers and devops engineers to work with emerging technology in IT.

Teachers

Someone is going to have to teach all these engineers and care workers what they need to know. The third largest predicted increase behind care workers and nurses, teachers are already highly sought after. The government report does admit that the qualification process is currently quite long, with many requiring postgraduate qualification and, while contracted hours are low, unpaid ‘duties’ increase the working week.

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根据媒体的古怪和反乌托邦的未来工作

未来将会是一个非常不同的地方,这取决于你读的是哪份报纸,看的是哪个电视频道。无论你是大嚼环保食品和将你的工作作为一个内部艺术家vape店一周工作四天,或房屋粉刷圣乔治旗和大嚼老式烤菜当你纪律通过一封措辞严厉的扫烟囱,从各个角度有故事在去年让职业市场看起来非常不同。

专业电子游戏玩家

今年,来自电子竞技(专业电子游戏)的收入预计将超过10亿美元(8.12亿英镑)。如今,大型联赛的奖金常常超过100万美元,据信,世界上一些最优秀的球员每年的工资远超500万美元。虽然有一些主要的游戏是在世界范围内的竞争,但那些发布的目的是成为下一个大的电子竞技的数量一直在增加。美国和英国现在都在电视上直播电子竞技,奥运会和亚运会都在考虑在各自的赛事中给电子竞技一个时段。但是如何才能成为专业的电子游戏玩家呢?现在的这代人(30岁以上的人很少)已经开始实践“git gud”,但是越来越多的大学在电子游戏设计课程中加入了电子竞技模块,开设了电子竞技团队,甚至创建了一个全新的电子竞技本科学位。目前,斯塔福德郡和奇切斯特大学都开设了电子竞技学位,重点是电子竞技商业,涵盖了从组织到监管、市场营销和文化的方方面面。

机器人的奴隶

到2030年,自动化预计将导致全球约8亿工人失业(根据咨询公司麦肯锡(McKinsey)的一份报告),但好消息是,其中约2000万人将能够转移到其他有技能的岗位。如果你认为白领职业是安全的,那么再想想。律师助理、律师、抵押贷款经纪人、记者、会计师、办公室职员、司机以及更多的人都被认为面临着因自动化而失业的风险。调酒师、医生和教师,以及其他需要人际互动的职业,预计损失会更少。尽管如此,最近在伦敦巴比肯(Barbican)举办的一场展览展示了一个完全由机器人操作的调酒师,而加州的一家汉堡店已经开始使用全自动的“汉堡翻转机器人”。也有报道称,数据科学和技术正发展到用人工智能和数据科学取代医生可能更便宜、更有效的状态,这导致伦敦大学学院医院(University College London hospitals)对此类项目进行了试运行。正因为如此,人类中的许多人很快就会致力于维护少数无法维护自己的机器人,除了那些领导抗战的程序员。

幸福总监

假设我们只剩下机器人聪明到做不了的工作,这个世界将会比现在更令人沮丧。英国的“工作幸福感”全球排名已经下滑至第十位,比全球平均水平低了两个百分点。心理健康和幸福在工作场所被越来越多地公开谈论,而且有研究表明正念冥想可以影响某些情况,比如抑郁。这种意识的增强导致了几年前美国公司出现了一个奇怪的现象——首席幸福官(CHOs)的任命。

CHO的作用是评估团队的幸福感,与员工和外部专家一起为员工创造一个“快乐”的环境。这可以通过福利制度、环境或文化改变、教育课程或替代疗法来实现。如果是后人类时代的就业热潮,建议应聘者具备人力资源或心理学方面的资格。还有一些幸福/健康学校声称提供不同领域的资格证书(请对这些机构的真实性和这种职业道路的真正可行性进行常识研究。

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Future jobs according to the press – quirky and dystopian

Depending on which newspaper you read or television channel you watch, the future is going to be a very different place. Whether you’re chowing down on environmentally friendly food and going to your day job as an in-house artist at a vape store for four days a week, or are painting your house with the St George’s flag and and chowing down on good old-fashioned roast dinner as you discipline your chimney sweep via a sternly worded letter, there are stories from all angles in the last year that make the careers market look very different indeed.

Professional video gamer

This year the revenue from esports (professional video games) is expected to reach more than $1bn (£812m). Tournament prize money now often exceeds $1m in the big leagues and some of the best players in the world are believed to earn salaries of well over $5m each year. While there are a few staple games that are played worldwide in competition, the number of those released with an intent to become the next big esport is always increasing. Both the US and UK now show ‘live’ esports on television, and both the Olympics and the Asian Games are considering giving esports a slot during their respective events. But how does one progress to professional video gamer? Many of the current generation (few over 30 years of age) have put in the practice to ‘git gud’, but more and more universities are including esports modules in video game design courses, starting esports teams or even creating a brand-new undergraduate degree in esports. Currently both Staffordshire and Chichester are offering degrees in the subject, with a focus on the business of esports, covering everything from organisation to regulation, marketing and culture.

Slave to a robotic master

Automation is expected to wipe out the jobs of approximately 800 million global workers by 2030 (according to a report by consultancy McKinsey), but the good news is that about 20 million of those will be able to transfer to another skilled role. If you think that white collar careers are safe, then think again. Paralegals, lawyers, mortgage brokers, journalists, accountants, general office staff, drivers and more are all thought to be at risk of losing jobs to automation. Bartenders, doctors and teachers, among other professions that require human interaction, are expected to suffer lower losses. That said, a recent exhibition at the Barbican in London showed off an entirely robotic bar tender mixing drinks and a burger joint in California has already started using a fully automated ‘burger flipping robot’. There have also been reports that data science and technology are evolving to the state where it may be cheaper and more effective to replace doctors with AI and data science, leading to a trial run of such a programme at University College London hospitals. As such, much of humanity will soon become devoted to maintaining the few robots that cannot maintain themselves, except for the programmers, who will lead the war of resistance.

Chief happiness officer

Assuming we are only left with the jobs that the robots are too smart to do, the world is going to be a more depressing place than it already is. The UK has already dropped down the global ‘workplace happiness’ rankings to tenth place and is sitting two points below the global average. Mental health and wellbeing are being talked about more publicly in workplaces and it has been shown that mindfulness meditation can influence certain conditions such as depression. This increased awareness led to an odd phenomenon at US companies a couple of years ago – the appointment of chief happiness officers (CHOs).

The role of a CHO was to assess the wellbeing of the team and work with staff and external experts to create a ‘happy’ environment for employees. This could be done via a system of perks, environmental or cultural changes, educational sessions or alternative therapies. Should it be the boom employment in the post-human future, a qualification in human resources or psychology is recommended. There are also a number of happiness/wellness schools that purport to offer qualifications in different fields (please do common sense research into the authenticity of such establishments and the true viability of such a career pathway. TARGETjobs does not advocate risking your entire future on a ‘happiness diploma’).

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Reference: 

from “Targetjobs” at https://targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/career-planning/1036061-jobs-that-could-shape-the-future 

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